
i^ o T h: s 



TO ACCOMPANY 



KEELER^S MAP OF THE U. S. TERRITORY. 



1 ROM THK 



MISSISSIPPI RIVER TO THE PACIFIC OCEAN, 



CONTAlMNd 



AUTHENTIC INFORMATION CONNECTED WITH 
THE TERRITORIES, 



DIFFERENT RAILROAD ROUTES TO THE PACIFIC OCEAN. 



WASHINOTON: 

GOVERNMENT PKINTINCJ OFF I OK 
1 8 S . 



C>V*/ U 



NOTES 



TO ACCOMPANY 



KEELER'S MAP OF THE U. S. TERRITORY, 



FROM THE 



MISSISSIPPI RIVER TO THE PACIFIC OCEAN, 



CONTAINING 



AUTHENTIC INFORMATION CONNECTED WITH 
THE TERRITORIES, 



DIFFERENT RAILROAD ROUTES TO THE PACIFIC OCEAN. 



UJjJJU^A....^ 9. y^cuJL^n^ 



WASHINGTON: 

G O A' E R X M K N T T R I X T I N G OFFICE. 

18G8. 



L/> 



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K isr O T E 8 . 



/} This national map of the Territories of the United States, from the 
g Mississippi river to the Pacific ocean, was made by authority of 
Hon. 0. H. Browning, Secretary of the Interior, in the office of the 
Indian Bureau, chiefly for government purposes. It is compiled from 
authorized explorations of the several Pacific Railroad routes, from 
public surveys, and other reliable data in the Department at "Wash- 
ington, D. C, by W. J. Keeler, civil engineer, under the direction 
of Hon. N. G. Taylor. Commissioner of Indian Affairs, and Hon. 
Charles E. Mix, chief clerk of the Indian Bureau. 

Coming from such a source, and based upon such data, it is unneces- 
sary to vouch for its accuracy and reliability. It is a complete rail- 
road map, the only one published whicli shows the whole of the great 
Pacific Railroad routes and their projections and branches, together 
with all other railroads in the States and Territories bordering on the 
Mississippi on both sides, showing at a glance the eastern connec- 
tions of those Pacific roads with the existing railroad systems of the 
country. 

It shows the township and range lines of all public land surveys up 
to date; the Indian reservations, forts, military posts, etc. To all 
who own or deal in western lands this is a most valuable feature. 

The location of all the known mines of gold, silver, copper, and 
other valuable metals is carefully and accurately noted. These 
mineral localities are scattered all over that immense region, from the 
line of the British Possessions on the north to Mexico on the south, 
and from the eastern slope of the Rocky mountain range almost to 
the shores of the Pacific. Of the ultiniate value of these widely ex- 
tended depositories of the precious met^ds no estimate can be made; 
but that they are destined to exert a mighty influence upon our coun- 
try and upon the entire world, as indeed they have already done, is 
beyond question. 

It is the attraction of these hidden treasures, more than anything 
else, that is drawing those great lines of railroad across the conti- 
nent; and in those treasures the enterprising n»en who are urging 
those magnificent works forward have their surest guarantee of 
success. 



The pvnfound interest now felt by the wliole American people in 
the great thoroughfares progressing or projected, in the Indian trou- 
bles, in the ra[»id advance of settlement, and in the development of 
new features of grandeur and beauty, and new sources of national 
wealth, will cause this map to be hailed as a source of instruction and 
enjoyment by all, and as a valuable acquisition to the school and the 
library. 

Particular attention is invited to the Colorado river as here shown. 
It is from actual survey, and exhibits that magnificent stream as it has 
never been mapped before, and as it really is — one of the great rivers 
of this continent. 

Address: W. J. KEELER, 

Indian Bureau. 



Statement shoivinrj the number of acres of public lands surveyed in the 
folloiuing States and Territories vj) to June 30, 1867, of public lands 
aiid private land claims; and cdso total area of the public domain re- 
maining unsurveyf'd ivithin the same. 



Missouri • • • • 
Wisconsin • • • 

Iowa 

Minnesota • • • 
Indian Ter • • • 

Kansas 

Nebraska • ' • ■ 
California • • • 

Nevada 

Oregon 

Wash' ton Ter 
Colorado • • • 

Utah 

Arizona 

New ]\Iexico • 

Dakota 

Idaho 

Montana • • • • 



No. of acres of 
public land sur- 
veyed up to 
Juue 30, 1867. 



41,824,000 
34,511,360 
35,228,800 
22 910,612 



20,510,443 

15,520,249 
28,711,327 
763,969 
6,144,636 
3,880.038 
2,844,857 
2,517,912 



2,332,555 
2,663,660 



Total area of the 
public lands re- 
maining unsur- 
veyed. 



30.549,228 



31,533,077 
33,116,551 
92,236,513 
70,973,772 
54,830,724 
40,916,122 
64,035.143 
53,837,723 
72,906,304 
75,236,085 
151,318,420 
58,196,^80 
92,016,640 



Total number of 
acres. 



41,824,000 
34,511.360 
35,228,800 
53,459,840 



52,043,520 
48,636,800 

120,947,840 
71,737,741 
60,975,360 
44,796,160 
66,880,000 
56,355,635 
72,906,304 
77,568,640 

153,982,080 
58,196 480 
92,016,640 



Square miles. 



65,350 

53,924 

55,045 

83,531 

68,991 

81,318 

75,995 

188,981 

112,090 

95,274 

69,994 

104,500 

88.057 

113,916 

121,201 

240,597 

90,932 

143,776 



Manner of proceediJig to obtain title to public lands, by purchase, by 
location with loarrants or agricultural college scrip, by pre-emption, 
and homestead. 

Iti all the States and Territories mentioned there are lari^e bodies of 
public lands, all of which, except such as contain mines or minerals, 
are subject to be taken possession of and ultimately acquired by any 
persons who may wish to cultivate and obtain them under the pre- 
emption laws. Citizens of the United States, and other persons who 
have made a formal declaration of their intentions to become citizens, 
can settle upon and maintain possession of 160 acres of such land any- 
wdiere, whether surve^'ed or unsurveyed. Titles or patents from the 
United States can be obtained after the lands have been surveyed, 
upon making proof of the settlement and improvement of the premises, 
and paying one dollar and twenty-five cents per acre. Government 
lands within twenty miles of the Pacific railroads are sold at double 
that price. 

Under the homestead law, after land has been surveyed, persons 
similarly qualified can, upon paying the sura of $14 for 160 acres, or 
a correspondingly less sum for a smaller quantity of land, commence 
a homestead claim, and at the end of five years thereafter, on making 
proof of inhabitation and cultivation of the land during the inter- 
vening period, and paying the inconsiderable fees of the land officers, 
obtain a conveyance from the United States. Where lands held at 
$2.50 per acre are claimed under the homestead law, not more thau 
eighty acres can be acquired by one person. 

After public lands are surveyed into sections of 640 acres each, and 
quarter sections of 160 acres each, those not taken up under the pre- 
emption and homestead laws are generally, soon afterwards, offered 
at public sale to the highest bidder, and such as remain thereafter 
undisposed of ^re liable to be sold, by the register of the land dis- 
trict, to any one who applies for them and pays the proper price, or 
they may be taken up by military land warrants, or scrip of various 
kinds. In this way any person may obtain as much land as he wishes 
to purchase. 

Large quantities of land have been surveyed in California, Oregon, 
Kansas, and Nebraska, and considerable quantities in Colorado, Ne- 
vada, and Washington Territory, and these surveys are being con- 
stantly extended. Officers have also been appointed, and provision 
made by law for surveying in all the other Territories mentioned; and 
land offices are organized and open, or in progress of organization, in 



all of them. Thus in a few years (lie macliincrv for surveying and 
selling the lands will be everywhere in full operation. 

Lands which have been granted to any of the Pacific Railroad com- 
panies can usually be obtained from the company at about the same 
price as the government lands in similar locations are sold for. 

It will be observed that these remarks do not apply to lands con- 
taining minerals. 

Liberal provision has, however, been made by a recent act of Con- 
gress, according to which discoverers and occupants of mines, whose 
improvements or expenditures thereupon amount to $1,000 in value, 
can obtain titles to mines and mineral lodes in extent sufficient for 
all practical mining purposes. 



UNITED STx\.TES LAND OFFICES. 



OHIO. 

Chillicothe. 

INDIANA. 
Indianapolis. 

ILLINOIS. 
Springfield. 

MISSOURI 

Boonville, 

Ironton, 

Springfield. 

ALABAMA. 

Mobile, 

Huntsville, 

Montgomery. 

MISSISSIPPI. 

Jackson. 

LOUISIANA. 

New Orleans. 

Monroe, 

Natchitoches. 

MICHIGAN. 

Detroit, 
East Saginaw, 
Ionia, 
Marquette, 
Traverse City. 

ARKANSAS. 

Little Rock, 
Washington. 
Clarksville. 



FLORIDA. 

Tallahassee. 

IOWA. 

Fort Des Moines, 
Council Blufts, 
Fort Dodge, 
Sioux City. 

WISCONSIN. 

Menasha. 

Falls of St. Croix, 

Stevens' Point, 

La Crosse, 

Bayfield. 

Eau Claire. 

CALIFORNIA. 

San Francisco, 

Marysville, 

Humboldt, 

Stockton, 

Visalia, 

Sacramento. 

NEVADA. 

Carson City, 

Austin, 

Belmont. 

WASHINGTON T. 

Olympia, 
Vancouver. 

MINNESOTA. 

Taylor's Falls, 
St." Cloud, 
Winnebago City, 
St. Peter, 
Greenleaf, 
Du Luth. 



OREGON. 

Oregon City, 
Roseburg, 
Le Grand. 

KANSAS. 

Topeka, 
Junction City, 
Humboldt. 

NEBRASKA. 

Omaha City, 
Brownsville, 
Nebraska City, 
Dakota City. 

NEW MEXICO T. 

Santa Fe. 

DAKOTA T. 

Vermillion. 

COLORADO T. 

Denver City, 
Fair Play. 

IDAHO T. 

Boise City, 
Lewiston. 

MONTANA T. 

Helena. 

ARIZONA T. 
Prescott. 



8 

Total number of Indians in the United States up to March, 1867. 

From the report of Hon. 0. H. Browning, Secretary of the Interior, 
coraminiic-atin^- information in rehition to the Indian tribes, in com- 
pliance with a resolution of the Senate of March 29, 1867, said report 
having been prepared in the Indian Bureau, there are two hundred 
and thirty-nine tribes, numbering 307,096, as follows: 

Washington Territory 14,800 

Oregon 10,471 

California 25,962 

Arizona Territory 34, 500 

Nevada ^. 8,200 

Utah Territory 19, 800 

New Mexico Territory 19,910 

Colorado Territory 5,000 

Dakota Territory 24,470 

Idaho '7.330 

Montana 13,633 

Total in States and Territories 184,076 

f S. E. Dakota ) -.o i-o 

Northern Superintendency, J ]\J■el3^.J^g]^.^ r" 18,1 18 

Central Superintendency, Kansas 12,837 

Southern Superintendency, Indian Territory •• • 53,904 
Independent Agencies 26, 774 

Total in Superiutendencies and Agencies 111,693 



Total 295,769 

To the above should be added the following ;;pproxi- 
mate estimates: 

Camanches in N. W. Texas 4, 000 

Cherokees in Georgia and North Carolina 2,000 

Sacs and Foxes in Iowa 400 

Seminoles in Florida 500 

Sisseton and other tribes in N. E. Dakota 3,500 

St. Regis in New York « 077 

Wyandotts 250 



Total of approximate estimates 11, 327 



Total Indians in U. S. 307,096 



The followinf^ shows the decrease of Indians during the last seven 
years : 

PopuUvtion, per Eighth Census U. S. 1860 340, 389 

Population, 1867 307,096 



Decrease 

or about 10 per cent, in seven years. 



83,293 



Grants to the Pacific Railroads in United States Bonds. 





Length in miles. 


Amount per 
mile. 


Total amount. 


Central Pacific. 

From Sacramento to the west- 
ern base of the Sierra Ne- 


<1 18 

150. »»» 

826. «' 
150. """' 
523."'"' 


$16,000 
48,000 

32,000 
48,000 
16,000 


$114,880 
7,200,000 

26,458,240 
7,200,000 


Thence across the Sierra Ne- 


Thence by the Central and 
Union Pacific to the Rocky 
mountains 

Thence across the Rocky moun- 


Thence by Union Pacific to 
Omaha 


8,368,000 


Total Union and Central Pacific 

For a length equal to the dis- 
tance from the mouth of the 
Kansas river to the 100th 
meridian, Eastern Division • • 

Central Sranch Union Pacific 
from Atcliirfon west 

Sioux City and Pacific from 
Sioux City to Fremont • • • • 

Western Pacific from San Jos6 
to Sacramento 


1,657. '""' 

385. """ 
100. •""• 
100. »"" 
120. °''" 


16,000 
16,000 
16,000 
16,000 


49,341,120 

6,160,000 
1,600,000 
1,600,000 
1,920,000 


Grand Total 


2,362. """ 




^60,621,120 





The bonds issued for these railroads bear six per cent, currency 
interest, and the companies severally are authorized to issue an equal 
amount of tlieir own bonds having priority over the government 
issues. 



" 10 

The grants of bonds and lands to the company arc made upon 
condition that the company shall pay the bonds at matnrity, (being 
30 years from date,) and shall keep its railroad and telegraph line 
in repair and use, and shall at all times transmit dispatches over its 
telegraph lines, and transport mails, troops, and munitions of war^ 
supplies, and public stores, u[)on its railroad for the government, 
whenever required to do so by any department thereof; and that the 
government shall at all times have the preference in the use of the 
same for all i)urposes, (at fair and reasonable rates of compensation, 
not to exceed the amounts paid by private parties for the' same kind 
of service;) and half of the compensation for services rendered for 
the government shall be applied to the payment of the bonds and 
intert-st until the whoh; amount is paid; and after the road is com- 
pleted, until the bonds and interest are paid, at least five per centum 
of the net earnings of the road shall be annually applied to the pay- 
ment. 

LAND GRANTS. 

The land grants embrace the alternate sections designated by odd 
numbers to the amount of 20 miles on each side of the railroad, (as 
amended Jul}'- 2, 1862,) on the line thereof, and within the limits of 
40 miles, not sold, reserved, or otherwise disposed of b}'- the United 
States, and to which a pre-emption or homestead claim may not have 
attached at the time the line of said railroad is definitely fixed. 

All mineral lands, except coal and iron, are excepted from the 
grant; but where mineral lands contain timber, the timber thereon is 
granted to the company. 

Talile of distances hy the Union Pacific Ilailway, E. Z>. , via Kansas 

City. 



To St. Louis 

Kansas Cit}' • ■ 
Pond Creek • • 

Denver 

Santa Fe 

Guaymas 

San Diego • • • • 
San Francisco 



385 

GOl 

750 

1,437 

1,600 

1,923 



283 
668 
884 
1,033 
1,720 
1,883 
2,206 



t^ S 



fM 



957 
1,240 
1,525 
1,841 
1,990 
2,677 
2,840 
3,163 



flj 








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926 


998 


1,209 


1,281 


1,594 


1,666 


1,811 


1,882 


1,959 


2,031 


2,646 


2,718 


2,809 


2,881 


3,132 


3,204 



^ 



o 






M 



Ph 



1,069 
1,352 
1,737 
1,953 
2.102 
2,789 
2,952 
3, 275 



11 

Tahle of distances by the Union Pacific Railroal via Omaha. 






fH 



Ph 



f^ 






1^ 



To CLiicago 

Omaha 

Cheyenne 

To Denver • • • • 

Salt Lake 

Sacramento ■ • • 
San Francisco • 



514 

738 

1,014 

1,637 

1,807 



491 
1,005 
1,229 
1,505 

2.128 
2,298 



842 
1,333 
1.847 
2,071 
1,347 
2,970 
3,140 



802 
1,293 
1,807 
2,031 
2,307 
2,930 
3,100 



824 
1,315 
1,829 
2,153 
2 329 
2,952 
3,122 



960 
1.451 
1,965 
2,189 
2,465 
3,088 
3,258 



Latitude and longitude of the principal jpoints on both routes. 



Kansas City 

Omaha 

Pond Creek 

Phitte Station, North Platte 
Albuquerque, (Rio Grande) • 
Bridger's Pass, (summit of 

Rocky Mountains) 

Prescott, (centre of Arijiona) 
Northern end of Salt Lake- 
Aubrey, (Colorado river) • • 
Northern bend of Humboldt 

river 

San Francisco 



Latitude. 


39° 




4r 


20' 


38° 


50' 


410 


15' 


35° 


5' 


41° 


35' 


34° 


35' 


41° 


45' 


34° 


20' 


41° 


5' 


37° 


45' 



Longitude. 



94° 35' 
95° 55' 

101° 50' 

101° 

106° 30' 

107° 
112° 5' 
113° 
114° 10' 

117° 40' 
132° 30' 



North of 
San Franc. 



1° 15' 
3° 35' 
1° 5' 
3° 30' 



3° 50' 
40 



3° 20' 



South of 
San Franc. 



2° 40' 



3° 10' 

3° 25' 



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18 

COLOKAOO. 

The surveyor general of Colorado in liis report speaks as fol- 
lows: "The middle Park consists of broad fertile valleys along innu- 
merable mountain streams, separated by low ranges of hills covered 
with pine timber. All the valleys are covered with a heavy growth of 
native grass, which for hay cannot be excelled." This is true of 
the North and South Parks. The population of Colorado is about 
60,000, and steadily increasing. Golden City, the capital, and 
Denver City, are the prominent places of this Territory. The cli- 
mate is delightful, the air pure and wholesome, and the soil ex- 
ceedingly fertile. The country is well watered by its numerous rivers 
and affluents, while springs of mineral and pure fresh water gush from 
unseen sources and run tributary to the streams. Gold, silver, cop- 
per, lead, iron, coal, and petroleum are here in large quantities, and 
ready to pay tribute to the industry of its people and add to the 
national wealth. Clear Creek and Spanish Bar are among the richest 
deposits of gold, and give promise of a glittering harvest to the 
people who sound the note of civilization in this now comparative 
Avilderness. Two branches of the Pacific Railroad are to pass through 
this Territory. 

UTAH. 

This is in many respects a delightful country; the climate clear and 
dry, and the atmosphere beautifully transparent. The population of 
Utah is nearly 120,000. The capital. Great Salt Lake City, is the most 
important place west of the Missouri river and east of the great 
western range of mountains. The arable land of this Territory is not 
equal in, extent to that of the Territories lying north of it, but 
the valleys are fertile, and produce some good timber,asdo the slopes 
of the mountains. The southwestern portion is rich in copper, gold, 
and silver, while salt enough to supply the world can be furnished in 
this region. The Union and Central Pacific Railroad, as projected, 
passes through the northern part of the Territory, and will be the im- 
mediate means of developing the vast resources of this region of 
country. 

MONTANA. 

The soil of this Territory is very fine along the streams and valleys, 
and well adapted to growing grain crops, as well as stock raising and 
grazing. The population is about 55,000, and constantly increasing. 
The principal places are Virginia City, Helena, the capital, Gallatin 



19 

City, Bannock City and Fort Senton. The latter is the bead of navi- 
gation on the Missouri river, and numerous steamers ascend to this 
place annually. In the west flows the Columbia river, and in the 
eastern and central part the Yellowstone. Timber is abundant; the 
climate cool, invigorating, and healthful. Among the mountains val- 
uable deposits of the precious metals are found, and a reference to 
our map will satisfy the observer that this Territory is greatly supe- 
rior in mineral wealth to those lying contiguous to it. Coal is 
abundant, and of good quality, on the upper waters of the Yellow- 
stone. As an indication of what the future may develop, it can be 
stated that the value of gold alone taken from the mines of Montana 
in 1866 was $18,000,000; sufficient, it would seem, to arrest the ear- 
nest attention of capitalists. The projected route of the Northern 
Pacific Railroad traverses the entire length of Montana, along the fer- 
tile valley of the Yellowstone, touching the vast coal fields on its 
headwaters; thence diverging northwest, crosses the Missouri river 
about sixty miles above Fort Benton, through Lewis Pass, and finally 
down the south bank of Clark's Fork, one of the tributaries of the 
Columbia, crossing the former on the line of Idaho. 

TTASIUNGTORf TERKITORY 

Has a population of 30,000. Much of the land is superb for graz- 
ing. Timber is tolerably plentiful, and the prairie laud is very fine. 
The Columbia is the principal river. Olympia, the capital, and Van- 
couver, arc the most populous towns. The Cascade range of moun- 
tains divides the Territory into eastern and western; the former is 
mountainous, with but little wood. The climate is variable, producing 
the various grain crops and most of the fruits. Gold is found in the 
extreme eastern portion of the Territory. The western section 
difTers greatly from the eastern. It is covered with a fine growth of 
timber, and has a good soil, particularly along tiie river margins. 
The climate is damp and mild both in summer and winter, the latter 
being of short duration. Coal has been developed and is already an 
article of commerce, and indications of the precious metals have been 
discovered. The Northern Pacific Railroad has two projected routes 
in this Territory — the northern beginning at the mouth of Snake river 
and running northwesterly, terminating at Seatle, on Admiralty Inlet; 
the southern follows the Columbia vallej", and terminates at Van- 
couver. 



20 

This State was admitted into tlie Union February 14, 1859, and 
now lias a population of Go. 000. Its towns are Salem, the capital, 
Portland, Astoria, founded by the late John Jacob Astor, Eugene 
City, Oregon City, Roseburg, and Legrand City. Portland ia a busy 
town, and one of the largest lumber marts on ihe Pacific coast. Jose- 
phine and Jackson counties abound in gold, as do some of the valleys 
of the Blue mountains. The value of gold from Oregon in 18G«J 
amouted to $8,000,000. Tin has been discovered, and large quan- 
tities of coal, lead, and iron lie concealed in the soil of this State 
awaiting the industry of the people to wrest them from their obscurity. 

The State is rugged and broken in consequence of its moun- 
tainous character; but a great proportion of the soil, particularly 
in the valleys, is good, and produces, with certainty, the ordinary 
farm crops — wheat especially yielding enormously. Powder river. 
Burnt, Malaheur, John Days, and Oyhee valleys are among the most 
fertile parts of the Territory. East of the Cascade range the summers 
are very warm, the winters mild and pleasant, the skies clear and 
beautiful, with but little rain or snow. Timber is not abundant. West 
of the Cascade range the country changes materially; a heavy growth 
of pine timber covers the surface, the winters become severer, the 
summers cooler and more pleasant. As in the eastern part, the valleys 
and portions of the upland are fertile, with forests of pine of superb 
growth. The rivers and streams are filled with the rarest fish, sal- 
mon especially frequenting these waters in large numbers, and of the 
finest quality. The coast indentations form many excellent harbors. 
The grandeur of the scenery of Oregon has inspired the pen of the 
poet, and been the theme of all who have been fortunate enough to 
witness its magnificence. Its mountain tops enveloped in perpetual 
snow — their bases carpeted with never-fading verdure — their slopes 
clothed with trees of gigantic proportions — its beautiful lakes, pre- 
cipices, and cascades — strike the beholder with a powerful sense of his 
own insignificance, and of the wisdom, power, and munificence of the 
Creator. 

NEVADA. 

This State was admitted to a place in the great American sister- 
hood March 24, 1867, and at once assumed the dignity appertaining 
to that exalted position. It has a population of about 70,000, and is 
increasing in a fair ratio with the adjacent Territories. The most 
noted towns are Virginia City, Carson, the capital, and Austin, 



21 

all thriving, busy towns, and augmenting in population and importance . 
The State is situated on a plain rising 4,000 feet above the level of 
the sea, and forms a portion of the great American Basin, and has 
the peculiar dry and salubrious climate of that western region of 
country. Ranges of mountains cross the State, whose sides are 
covered with pine, spruce, and fir. The timber is principally in the 
mountains- There are some good agricultural lands in the valleys. The 
water of the streams is pure and fresh, while that of the lakes is 
alkaline. Nevada is great in mineral wealth, both as to quantity and 
variety. The northern portion produces gold, while the centrivl 
and western furnish silver and copper in apparently inexhaustible 
quantities. The mountains contain iron, lead, tin, and platinum. 
Salt is found in beds, while soda and the other mineral salts are 
among the valuable products of this State. Coal has been dis- 
covered, and granite, marble, and other building stone, in sufficient 
quantities for all practical purposes, can be taken from their beds at 
a trifling cost. The Colorado river flows along a part of the southern 
boundary, and is navigated to Callville, near which are valuable coal 
mines. 

As the great Pacific Railroad pushes its way over this Territory, and 
the iron horse goes shrieking through the wilderness, awakening 
echoes that have ever lain dormant, capital and labor will find 
remunerative occupation, emigration will be quickened, and it is not 
difficult to foretell the future of this State. 

IDAHO. 

This extensive Territory has a population of 50,000, and is fast 
filling up and forming populous towns, among which are Boise City, 
the capital, Idaho City, Placerville, Pioneer City, Centerville, and 
Lewistown. The country is well watered by numerous streams, 
which gather from mountain springs, and the atmosphere is so singu- 
larly clear and beautiful that objects at a distance appear as if very 
near, and the eye will experience no fatigue in recognizing figures at a 
very long distance. Fine timber is plentiful in the mountains, as 
well as in the vicinity of the streams. The central portions of the Ter- 
ritory are without wood in quantities. Steamers ply regularly on 
the Shoshonee, from the Blue mountains to Salmon Falls, passing 
within thirty miles of the capital. Immense beds of coal have been 
discovered in the southeastern part, and the precious metals may be 
found throughout the Territory. Mineral springs are frequent, and 
salt and sulphur can be had in quantities. The projected route of 
the Northern Pacific Railroad passes through the northern portion of 



22 

this Territory. The greater part of it, however, lies near the central 
route, and will, perhaps, be sooner benefited by the completion of 
the latter. 

NE^V HIEXICO. 

The immense Territory named above has a population of 125,000, 
and emigration is constantly adding to the number. Santa Fe, the 
capita], and Albuquerque, are the most populous settlements in the 
Territory. There is a fair proportion of good soil, the climate 
genial, the grazing unsurpassed, and the fruits of the earth are 
bountifully yielded. The finest grapes are produced in abundance, 
and without doubt the future will reveal the fact, that in this locality 
and its western parallel are to be realized the very highest expecta- 
tions of wine and wool growers. The hilly regions produce a luxuriant 
growth of pine, oak, and cedar, and along the streams and bottom 
lands the cottonwood and willow are plentiful. The Rio Grande 
and its tributaries water the northern and central pai-t of the Ter- 
ritory, and flow to the Gulf of Mexico. The Territory of New Mexico 
has within its borders the richest mines on earth; gold, silver, cop- 
per, lead, and iron lie hidden in its soil awaiting the hand of enter- 
prise to disclose and yield up these precious gifts, and enrich with 
untold wealth the capitalists who first engage in this great work. 
The projected route of the Union Pacific R. W., E. D., enters the 
northeastern corner of the Territory, passing entirely across it from 
east to west, and is nearly completed to Pond Creek station, about 
200 miles from the eastern boundary of New Mexico. Should the 
building of this great national highway progress in the future as it 
has in the past, January, 1870, will find it completed entirely through 
New Mexico. 

I^fDlAN TERKITORY. 

The Indian territor} is a beautiful tract of country, the soil im- 
mensely fertile, and the farmer or stock raiser can have no reasonable 
desire unsatisfied in this fine locality. The valleys of the Arkansas, 
Canadian, Red, Washita, Grand, Red and South Forks have a pro- 
lific soil, and the widely dissimilar products of the North and South. 
Cotton and corn, wheat and tobacco, here find a genial climate, a 
soil adapted to their wants, and flourish in great luxuriance side by 
side. There is a good growth of timber in the valleys, among which 
appears the invaluable live oak. Tniiuiaerable streams furnish a never- 
failing supply of water, and the prairie can be pastured from one end 
of the year to the other. Salt is found in the more northern part of 



23 

the Territory. The climate is mihl and sahibrious. No very satis- 
factory knowledge has been gained of the mineral resources of the 
Indian Territory, but doubtless the coal fields of southern Kansas 
extend into it, and gold, iron, and load may yet be discovered among 
the mountains of Washita and San Bois. The Indian country has two 
fine outlets, by which its products may reach the Mississippi — the 
Red river in the southern, the Arkansas in the northern section. 
The various roads of Kansas, uniting near the northern boundary, 
form a line passing entirely across the Territory from north to south 
in the direction of Galveston. 

DAKOTA 

"Was organized in March, 18G1, and extends from the Red river of 
the north to the Rocky mountains, and from the headwaters of the 
Colorado river to British America, having a population of 25,000. 
The largest towns are Yankton, the capital, and Vermillion. The neigh- 
borhood of the Missouri river is well timbered and exceedingly fertile, 
possessing fine agricultural lands. In a northerly direction the coun- 
try changes, and is well adapted to grazing, stock doing well through- 
out the year; water is plentiful. The climate is similar to that of 
central Illinois and northern New York. That portion lying west of 
the Missouri river is not very suitable for agriculture, but immensely 
wealthy in mineral production, especially in the vicinity of the Black 
Hills, which extend along the base of the Big Horn and Snow moun- 
tains to Virginia City, in Montana. The country here has a strong 
growth of fine timber. Extensive coal fields, yet to be developed, lie 
along the right bank of the Missouri river in the vicinity of Fort Rice. 
The Missouri river is navigable 1,975 miles above Yankton, and 
divides the eastern portion of the Territory into two almost equal parts. 
The contemplated Territory of Wyoming embraces the southwestern 
portion of this Territory, lying upon the upper Platte river, and is 
that district of country cut ofi" from Montana upon its organization. 
The important roads projected in this Territory are the Northern 
Pacific, running from St. Paul and the head of Lake Superior to Pu- 
get's Sound, crossing the northern part of the Territory aiid the Union 
Pacific through the western division from Omaha to San Francisco. 

KAIVSAS. 

Kansas was admitted into the Union with all the privileges of a State, 
January 29, 1861, and has a population of 300,000. Leavenworth, a 
populous town of 25,000 inhabitatants, is one of the termini of the 
Union Pacific R. W. , E. D. , and the general rendezvous for parties going 



24 

far west. The towns are numerous: Topeka, the capital, Lawrence, 
Atchison, Fort Scott, Junction City, Paola, and Ottawa, all increasing 
in population and importance. The climate is fine and salubrious; 
the summer is warm, but the nights cool and delightful; the winter 
is mild, with but little snow, and that disappearing almost as fast as 
it falls. The hills and slopes of the large rolling prairies are rich, 
and produce the various cereals in the greatest abundance; the val- 
leys and bottom lauds are no where excelled in fertility and ease of 
cultivation. Cotton can be raised profitably in the southern parts. 
Kansas is a fine stock-growing country, sheep especially being very 
prolific. The timber is varied, and in sufficient quantity for all prac- 
tical purposes for a great number of years to come. Coal is found in 
thin veins throughout the State to meet all practical demands, and in 
quality comparing favorably with that of other coal regions. In the 
vicinity of Fort Scott the veins are six feet in thickness. Building 
stone in great variety is readily obtained, and at Junction City a 
white magnesian limestone is taken from the quarries in any required 
shape or size and sawed the same as timber into slabs; indeed, some 
of it has, it is said, been used for flooring. Though soft when first 
quarried, it soon hardens from exposure to the weather. Of tliis stone 
the capitol, at Topeka, is being constructed. Nature has bountifully 
provided for the wants of mankind in this State. The railroad future 
of Kansas is very promising. More than 300 miles of the Union Pa- 
cific R. W., E. D., is now finished from the Missouri river, its lines 
from Kansas City and Leavenworth uniting at Lawrence. This road 
is rapidly approaching the State line west. The Leavenworth, Law- 
rence, and Galveston Railroad, and the Kansas City, Fort Scott, and 
Galveston Railroad, open communication with the Lidian country and 
the Gulf of Mexico. The Southern Branch Pacific Railroad is being 
constructed from Junction City down the Neosho valley, forming a 
junction with the Leavenworth, Lawrence, and Galveston Railroad. 
The Missouri River R. R. from Wyandotte to Leavenworth, and nearly 
100 miles of the central branch of the Union Pacific Railroad, are com. 
pleted. 

NEBRASKA, 

Recently admitted into the Union, is a thriving State, and rapidly 
filling up with a people hardy and willing, and is surely progressing 
to a brilliant future. The surface is generally high and gently rol- 
ling; the margins of the streams have a good soil and are very pro- 
ductive. The population is now about 80,000. Omaha, the capital, 
is the eastern terminus of the Union Pacific Railroad, has 14,000 in- 



25 

habitants, and is one of the important and influential cities of the 
West. Brownsville, Nebraska, Dakota and Cheyenne City are rap- 
idly advancing in popuhition and position. Coal is said to exist in 
several localities. Much of the soil in the eastern part of the State 
is fine, particular]}' that bordering on the streams. Large yields of 
grain, especially spring wheat, are produced, and the country is admi- 
rably adapted to stock raising. In a westerly direction the country 
changes; the soil is not so good, and is without timber; but the plains 
afford good pasturage and are very healthy. The prairies extend 
in every direction, have a great variety of soil, and are intersected 
by streams of excellent water. The Niobrarah, Republican, and 
Platte rivers are the largest water-courses; the latter, though a large 
river, is not navigable, but runs through broad and fertile valleys. 

The Union Pacific Railroad, starting at Omaha, is finished, and in 
working order entirely across the State. 

CAI.IFORIVIA. 

"This State, great in the energy of its people, the fertility of its 
soil, the wealth of its mines, the purity of its climate, and the gran- 
deur of its scener}'', can be but very partially described in such limits 
as we are here compelled to assume. No country is a more worthy 
subject for the pen of the student or the pencil of the artist than the 
golden State of California." 

The advancement of California in all tliat constitutes material 
greatness has been only in accordance with its wonderful internal 
resources. Everything man can desire to perfect his schemes or 
aggrandize himself is there furnished in great prodigality; the wildest 
imaginings of eastern tales are verified ; gold, silver, and pre- 
cious stones are literally poured out for the gratification of the human 
species, and the wonders of creation made commonplace. The fol- 
lowing is a partial summary of the products of the State: 

Ores. — Copper, silver, antimony, manganese, iron, lead, arsenic, 
magnesium, tin, zinc, mercury, nickel, and cobalt. 

Non-metallic minerals. — Marble, alabaster, sulphate and carbonate 
of lime, pipe clay, fullers' earth, sulphur, borax, fire clay, soapstones, 
lithographer's stone, petroleum, asphaltum, salt, alum, emery, coal, 
and black lead. 

Building materials. — Granites, sandstones, limestones, marble, 
slates, and brick clay. 

Gems and precious stones. — Diamonds, rubies, emeralds, ameth^-sts, 
garnets, topaz, agates, jaspers, carnelians, opals, and sapphires. 



26 

The Central Pacific Railroad, starting at Sacramento, is now quite 
completed to the eastern border of the State, and rapidly progressing 
towards Salt Lake. The construction of the road through the Sierra 
Nevada mountains is one of the greatest achievements of the age, 
and will forever reflect credit upon the parties who have accomplished 
it. San Francisco will now be united with Sacramento by rail via 
San Jose, which are to be connected in tlie great chain from Omalia 
to the Pacific. 

The proposed Pacific Railroad, via New Mexico and Arizona, enters 
the State of California, and runs " westward until it turns the southern 
extremity of the Sierra Nevada range, and thence northwest all the 
way up the great valley of southern California to the bay of San 
Francisco, a distance of between four and five hundred miles, 

"This is known to be one of the finest valleys on the continent. 
The Sierra Nevada bounds it on the northeast, the Coast Range on 
the southwest— the mountains, the valley, and the coast all running 
in parallel lines. The average width of this valley is not much less 
than one hundred miles, renowned for its extraordinary produc- 
tiveness — its wheat, its grapes, and many other things." 

Dr. Autisell, in speaking of tlie climate of California as adap- 
ted to the growth and cultivation of cinchona, says : "A personal 
experience and examination of the southern counties of California, I 
think, justify the assertion that on the western slopes of the Sierra 
Nevada, in Tulare county, or on the mountain ranges in Santa Bar- 
bara county, may be found all the essentials of climate needed for 
the vigorous growth of cinchona." 

The finest grapes are grown in California, the soil and climate 
assimilating nearly to that of the European wine country ; and the 
time is not far distant when native wine, of California particularly, 
will be preferred over the high-priced article of European manufac- 
ture. Mr. Hittell, speaking of California as a grape and wine pro- 
ducing country, says : 

" California vineyards produce ordinarily twice as much as the 
vineyards of any other grape district, if general report be true. The 
grape crop never fails, as it does in every other country. Vineyards 
in every other country require more labor, for here the vine is not 
trained to a stake, but stands alone." 

Mr. Hall remarks: " The grape region extends from the southern 
boundary a distance of 595 miles north, with an average breadth fi'om 
east to west of about 100 miles." Tiiis area extends a considerable 
distance up the Sacramento river, which flows southward through the 



27 

same valley, and breaks through the Coast Range almost directly east 
of San Francisco.'' 

The large county of Los Angelos is the principal vine-growing dis- 
trict in California. In 18G4it had 3,570,000. 

The climate of this State away from the coast is variable, frost 
happening sometimes in July. The Pacific coast probably has no 
equal for sheep culture. The wool product of that region, in 1865, 
amounted to 5,250,000 pounds. The timber of California is the largest 
in the world, the trees often rising to the height of three hundred 
feet, with a diameter of thirty feet. 

ARIZONA. 

In speaking of this large and important Territory, we shall use the 
language of the Hon. Richard McCormick, governor of Arizona. "If 
there is less excitement over our raining interests, there is more con- 
fidence in their excellence, and a strengthened belief that their de- 
velopment will surprise the world. The rare advantages of wood, 
water, and climate are more than sufficient to offset the cost of living 
and heavy expense of transporting machinery here; and I believe, as 
I have often asserted, that there are few localities upon the Pacific 
coast where quartz raining can be so economically, agreeably, and 
profitably pursued." 

This territory possesses a large area of arable land, the whole 
affording good pasturage. Two lines of railroads are projected through 
the Territory — one by the 35th parallel, and the other by the Gila 
river. Both of these routes are being surveyed by the Union Pacific 
Railwa}'' Company, eastern division, for the purpose of selecting the 
most feasible route. 

"Prescott, the capital, is in the heart of a mining district second, 
in my judgment, to none upon the Pacific coast. The surface ores 
of thirty mines of gold and silver and copper, which I had assayed 
in San Francisco, were pronounced equal to any surface ores ever 
tested by the metallurgists, who are among the most skillful and ex- 
perienced in the city; and so far as ore has been had from a depth, 
it fully sustains its reputation. The veins are large and boldly de- 
fined, and the ores are of varied classes, usually such as to be readily 
and inexpensively worked, while the facilities for working them are 
of a superior order. At the ledges is an abundant sui)ply of wood 
and water; near at hand are grazing and farming lands, and roads 
may be opened in any direction without great cost. Tiie altitude is 
so great that the temperature is never oppressively warm; the 
nights, even in midsummer, are refreshingly cool and bracing." 



28 

The point wliere the Pacific Railroud enters the Territory is con- 
siderably elevated, the cliniate healthful and invigoratiri.c;. 

"Yavapai county embraces a part of Arizona as yet unknown to 
map-makers, and in which the Territorial officers arrived hard upon 
the heels of the first white inhabitants. Until LSGS, saving for a 
short distance above the Gila, it was, even to the daring trapp.er and 
the adventurous gold-seeker, a terra incor/nifa, although one of the 
richest mineral, agricultural, grazing, and timber divisions of the 
Territory, and abundantly supplied with game. Yavapai county is 
nearly as large as the State of New York. The Verde and Salina 
rivers, tributaries of the Gila, which run (southwardly) through its 
centre, abound in evidences of a former civilization Here are the 
most extensive and impressive ruins to be found in the Territory — 
relics of cities, aqueducts, acquias, and canals, of mining and farming 
operations, and of other employments, indicating an industrious and 
enterprising people. Mr. Bartlett refers to these ruins as tradition- 
ally reported to him to show the extent of the agricultural popula- 
tion formly supported here, as well as to furnish an argument to sus- 
tain the opinion that this is one of the most desirable positions for an 
agricultural settlement of any between the Rio Grande and the Colo- 
rado. 

"In timber lands Yavapai county exceeds all others in the Terri- 
tory. Beginning some miles south of Pre^cott, and running north of 
the San Francisco mountain, is a forest of yellow pine, interspersed 
with oak, sufficient to suppl}' all the timber for building material, for 
mining, and for fuel that can be required for a large population." 

Mineral resources of the Pacific slope. 
The latest returns received at San Francisco show the following 
results: 

Receipts of treasure from all sources through regular public channels from 
January 1 to September 30, 1867. 

From California $21, 962, 027 

From Nevada 13. 500, 000 

Coastwise ports, from Oregon, &c 4, 242, 036 

Imports from British Columbia, <fec 2, 880, 430 

Total $42, 584, 493 

Making due allowance for treasure carried in private hands, it is 
estimated that the receipts of treasure at San Francisco, from all 
sources, will closely approximate $50,000,000. This does not include 



29 

the Territory from wliich the shipments are, for the most part, made 
directly east. Our entire product of gold and silver this year will 
probably amount to $75,000,000. 

Treasure product of the tuorld, hij report of Special Commissioners J. 
Boss Browne and James W. Taylor. 

"At present, as well as for the last eighteen years, the ratio of 
production is reversed — three of gold to one of silver. The follow- 
ing statement is submitted as an approximation, carefully avoiding 
exaggeration, of the quantities of the precious metals produced in 
1866: 



Country. 


Gold. 


Silver. 


Total. 


United States 

Mexico and South 
America. 


$60,000,000 

5,000,000 
60.000,000 

5,000,000 
15,000,000 

5,000,000 


$20,000,000 

35.000,000 

1,000,000 

500.000 

1,500,000 

2,000,000 


$80,000,000 

40,000,000 
61,000,000 

5.500,000 
IG.500,000 

7,000,000 


British America • • • • 








150,000,000 


60,000,000 


210,000.000 



Transportation from the Missouri River to the Rocky Mountains. 

The Quartermaster General's report to the Secretary of "War 
for the year ending June 30, 1866, exhibits the transportation on 
account of government, and the rates paid per 100 pounds per 100 
miles. The rates from the Missouri river to northern Colorado, 
Nebraska, Kansas, and New Mexico, $1.38, with an addition from 
Fort Union, in New Mexico, to ports in that Territory, in Arizona, 
and western Texas, of $1.79 per 100 pounds per 100 miles. 

The total number of pounds transported was 81,489,321, or 40,775 
tons, at a cost of $3,314,495. Parties familiar with the course of this 
inland trade estimate that the transportation on account of govern- 
ment is one-ninth the total amount of transportation. At this rate, 
the whole amount paid in 1866 for freights from the Missouri river 
westward was $30,830,055. 

Not less than $50,000,000 per annum are expended on or near the 
Pacific Railroad lines for the transportation of travellers and mer- 
chandise. 



30 

There are two indispensable requisites to the development o^ the 
western mines: security from Indian hostilities, and the establish- 
ment of railway communication to the Pacific coast on the parallels 
of 35^, 41°, and 47<^. 

In Australia a railway has been constructed from Melbourne to the 
Ballarat gold fields, 380 miles, at a cost of $175,000 per mile, which 
pays a net profit nearly equal to the interest on the immense invest- 
ment. 

The cost of the railways required to develop the mines of the 
United States, per mile, w^ill not be one-fourth the cost of the Aus- 
tralian road. 



DISTAI^CES FROM SAI]\T LOUIS TO FORT BEWTON VIA 
MISSOURI RIVER. 



JeiTerson City 174 

Boonville 58-. 232 

Glasgow 32 . . 264 

Brunswick 35 • • 299 

Lexington 75 • • 374 

Kansas City 82-. 456 

Leavenworth City-* 39 • • 495 

Atchison 37 • • 552 

St. Joseph 33 •• 565 

Nebraska City 175.. 740 

Council BlulTs 53 • • 793 

Omaha 14- • 807 

Florence 15.-822 

Little Sioux river- • 72-. 894 

Sioux City 116-. 1010 

Vermillion river- •• 140- -1150 

James river 47 ••1197 

4-. 1201 
16. .1217 
22.-1239 
32..1-J71 
14.. 1285 
-1391 



Yankton 

Bonhomme Island 
Mouth Niobrarah- • 
Yankton Agency- 

Fort Randall 

White river 106 



Crow Creek or Ush- 94- -1485 
er's Landing. 

Fort Sully 45-. 1530 

Fort Pierre 5-. 1535 

Big Cheyenne 55. -1590 

Mount Moreau 100 . - 1690 

Grand river 31.-1721 

Beaver river 85-. 1806 

Cannon Ball river-. 30 -.1836 

Fort Rice 10- -1846 

Hart river 50.. 1896 

Old Fort Clarke .... 65. -1961 

FortBcrthold 59.-2020 

Little Missouri 30 - • 2050 

White Earth river - . 85 .- 21 35 

Mount Yellowstone • 135.. 2270 

Fort Union 5.. 2275 

Milk river 350 -.2625 

Round Bute 135.. 2760 

Dophan's Rapids • • • 152^.2912 

Mouth Maria 218.. 3130 

Fort Benton 45 -.3175 



LIBRftRY OF CONGRESS 

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